Dynamic communications paths for sensors in an autonomous vehicle

ABSTRACT

Dynamic communications paths for sensors in an autonomous vehicle, comprising: detecting a fault associated with a first sensor of a plurality of sensors associated with a same sensing space of the autonomous vehicle; severing, in response to detecting the fault, a first communications path in a switched fabric between a processing unit and the first sensor; and establishing, via the switched fabric, in response to detecting the fault, a second communications path between the processing unit and a second sensor of the plurality of sensors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. Pat.No. 11,030,031, issued Jun. 8, 2021, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The field of the invention is autonomous vehicles, or, morespecifically, methods, apparatus, autonomous vehicles, and products fora redundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehicle.

Description Of Related Art

Autonomous vehicles operate by detecting their environment via one ormore sensors, and making operational decisions based on the state of theautonomous vehicle and the environment. Failure in one of these sensorscan degrade performance of the autonomous vehicle, and may inhibitautonomous operation.

SUMMARY

A redundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehicle may includereceiving, by a processing unit, sensor data from a first sensor of aplurality of sensors associated with a same sensing space of theautonomous vehicle; detecting a fault associated with the first sensor;establishing, via a switched fabric, a communications path between theprocessing unit and a second sensor of the plurality of sensors; andreceiving, by the processing unit, sensor data from the second sensorinstead of the first sensor.

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the following more particulardescriptions of exemplary embodiments of the invention as illustrated inthe accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers generallyrepresent like parts of exemplary embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows example views of an autonomous vehicle having a redundantsensor fabric.

FIG. 2 is block diagram of an autonomous computing system for aredundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehicle.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a redundant power fabric for an autonomousvehicle having a redundant sensor fabric.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a redundant data fabric for an autonomousvehicle having a redundant sensor fabric.

FIG. 5 is an example view of process allocation across CPU packages fora redundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehicle.

FIG. 6 is an example view of a redundant sensor fabric in an autonomousvehicle.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an example method for a redundant sensor fabricin an autonomous vehicle.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an example method for a redundant sensor fabricin an autonomous vehicle.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an example method for a redundant sensor fabricin an autonomous vehicle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example methods, apparatus, autonomous vehicles, and products for aredundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehicle are described withreference to the accompanying drawings, beginning with FIG. 1. FIG. 1shows multiple views of an autonomous vehicle 100 configured with aredundant sensor fabric in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent disclosure. Right side view 101 a shows a right side of theautonomous vehicle 100, where sensors 102 and 103 are mounted on orotherwise affixed to the right side of the autonomous vehicle 100. Thesensors 102 and 103 that are mounted on or otherwise affixed to theautonomous vehicle 100 may be configured to capture image data, videodata, audio data, or any other data (including combinations thereof)that can be used to determine the environmental state of the autonomousvehicle 100 from the perspective of the right side of the autonomousvehicle 100.

Front view 101 b shows a front side of the autonomous vehicle 100, wheresensors 104 and 106 are mounted on or otherwise affixed to the frontside of the autonomous vehicle 100. The sensors 104 and 106 that aremounted on or otherwise affixed to the front side of the autonomousvehicle 100 may be configured to capture image data, video data, audiodata, or any other data (including combinations thereof) that can beused to determine the environmental state of the autonomous vehicle 100from the perspective of the front side of the autonomous vehicle 100.

Rear view 101 c shows a rear side of the autonomous vehicle 100, wheresensors 108 and 110 are mounted on or otherwise affixed to the rear sideof the autonomous vehicle 100. The sensors 108 and 110 that are mountedon or otherwise affixed to the rear side of the autonomous vehicle 100may be configured to capture image data, video data, audio data, or anyother data (including combinations thereof) that can be used todetermine the environmental state of the autonomous vehicle 100 from theperspective of the rear side of the autonomous vehicle 100.

Top view 101 d shows an overhead view of the autonomous vehicle 100.Shown in the top view 101 d are sensors 102-110 as illustrated inprevious views, as well as sensors 112 and 114 that are mounted on orotherwise affixed to the left side of the autonomous vehicle 100. Thesensors 112 and 114 that are mounted on or otherwise affixed to the leftside of the autonomous vehicle 100 may be configured to capture imagedata, video data, audio data, or any other data (including combinationsthereof) that can be used to determine the environmental state of theautonomous vehicle 100 from the perspective of the left side of theautonomous vehicle 100. Readers will appreciate that the placement ofthe sensors 102-114 is merely for illustrative purposes and in no wayrepresents a limitation on the arrangement of sensors, the manner inwhich the sensors are attached to the autonomous vehicle 100, and so on.

Further shown in the top view 101 d is an automation computing system116. The automation computing system 116 can include one or morecomputing devices configured to evaluate the environmental state of theautonomous vehicle 100, control one or more autonomous operations (e.g.,autonomous driving operations) of the autonomous vehicle 100 incoordination with other components of the autonomous vehicle 100, andperform other tasks as will be explained in greater detail below. Insuch an example, the one or more computing devices may be configured tocontrol one or more autonomous operations of the autonomous vehicle 100through the use of one or more modules of computer program instructionsthat are executing on one or more of the computing devices. For example,the automation computing system 116 may be configured to process sensordata (e.g., data from the sensors 102-114 and potentially othersensors), operational data (e.g., a speed, acceleration, gear,orientation, turning direction), and other data to determine anoperational state and/or operational history of the autonomous vehicle.The automation computing system 116 may then determine one or moreoperational commands for the autonomous vehicle (e.g., a change in speedor acceleration, a change in brake application, a change in gear, achange in turning or orientation, etc.) that may be effected viacoordination between the automation computing system 116 and othercomponents within the autonomous vehicle 100. For example, theautomation computing system 116 may be coupled, directly or indirectly,for data communications with a device that can control the operation ofa steering system within the autonomous vehicle 100. In such an example,if an analysis of sensor data causes the automation computing system 116to determine that the direction of the autonomous vehicle 100 should bealtered, the automation computing system 116 may issue one or morecommands to the device that can control the operation of the steeringsystem within the autonomous vehicle 100, thereby causing the devicethat can control the operation of a steering system within theautonomous vehicle 100 to change the direction of the autonomous vehicleby manipulating the steering system within the autonomous vehicle 100.The automation computing system 116 may also capture and store sensordata. Operational data of the autonomous vehicle may also be stored inassociation with corresponding sensor data, thereby indicating theoperational data of the autonomous vehicle 100 at the time the sensordata was captured.

Although the autonomous vehicle 100 of FIG. 1 is shown as car, it isunderstood that autonomous vehicles 100 in accordance with embodimentsof the present disclosure may also include other vehicles, includingmotorcycles, planes, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g.,drones), or other vehicles as can be appreciated. Moreover, it isunderstood that additional sensors or other external sensors may also beincluded in the autonomous vehicle 100.

For further explanation, FIG. 2 sets forth a block diagram of automatedcomputing machinery comprising an exemplary automation computing system116 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Theautomation computing system 116 of FIG. 2 includes at least one computerCentral Processing Unit (‘CPU’) package 204 as well as random accessmemory 206 (‘RAM’) which is connected through a data communications link(e.g., a bus) to the CPU packages 204 and to other components of theautomation computing system 116.

A CPU package 204 may comprise a plurality of processing units. Forexample, each CPU package 204 may comprise a logical or physicalgrouping of a plurality of processing units. Each processing unit may beallocated a particular process for execution. Moreover, each CPU package204 may comprise one or more redundant processing units. A redundantprocessing unit is a processing unit not allocated a particular processfor execution unless a failure occurs in another processing unit. Forexample, when a given processing unit allocated a particular processfails, a redundant processing unit may be selected and allocated thegiven process. A process may be allocated to a plurality of processingunits within the same CPU package 204 or different CPU packages 204. Forexample, a given process may be allocated to a primary processing unitin a CPU package 204. The results or output of the given process may beoutput from the primary processing unit to a receiving process orservice. The given process may also be executed in parallel on asecondary processing unit. The secondary processing unit may be includedwithin the same CPU package 204 or a different CPU package 204. Thesecondary processing unit may not provide its output or results of theprocess until the primary processing unit fails. The receiving processor service may then receive data from the secondary processing unit anda redundant processing unit may then be selected and have allocated thegiven process to ensure that two or more processing units are allocatedthe given process for redundancy and increased reliability.

The CPU packages 204 are communicatively coupled to one or more sensors212. The sensors 212 may be configured to capture sensor data describingthe operational and environmental conditions of an autonomous vehicle.For example, the sensors 212 may include sensors (e.g., the sensors102-114 of FIG. 1), accelerometers, Global Positioning System (GPS)radios, Lidar sensors, or other sensors as can be appreciated. Althoughthe sensors 212 are shown as being external to the automation computingsystem 116, it is understood that one or more of the sensors 212 mayreside as a component of the automation computing system 212 (e.g., onthe same board, within the same housing or chassis). The sensors 212 maybe communicatively coupled with the CPU packages 204 via a switchedfabric 213.

The switched fabric 213 comprises a communications topology throughwhich the CPU packages 204 and sensors 212 are coupled via a pluralityof switching mechanisms (e.g., latches, switches, crossbar switches,field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc.). For example, the switchedfabric 213 may implement a mesh connection connecting the CPU packages204 and sensors 212 as endpoints, with the switching mechanisms servingas intermediary nodes of the mesh connection. The CPU packages 204 andsensors 212 may be in communication via a plurality of switched fabrics213. For example, each of the switched fabrics 213 may include the CPUpackages 204 and sensors 212, or a subset of the CPU packages 204 andsensors 212, as endpoints. Each switched fabric 213 may also comprise arespective plurality of switching components. The switching componentsof a given switched fabric 213 may be independent (e.g., not connected)of the switching components of other switched fabrics 213 such that onlyswitched fabric 213 endpoints (e.g., the CPU packages 204 and sensors212) are overlapping across the switched fabrics 213. This providesredundancy such that, should a connection between a CPU package 204 andsensor 212 fail in one switched fabric 213, the CPU package 204 andsensor 212 may remain connected via another switched fabric 213.Moreover, in the event of a failure in a CPU package 204, a processor ofa CPU package 204, or a sensor, a communications path excluding thefailed component and including a functional redundant component may beestablished.

The CPU packages 204 and sensors 212 are configured to receive powerfrom one or more power supplies 215. The power supplies 215 may comprisean extension of a power system of the autonomous vehicle 100 or anindependent power source (e.g., a battery). The power supplies 215 maysupply power to the CPU packages 204 and sensors 212 by another switchedfabric 214. The switched fabric 214 provides redundant power pathwayssuch that, in the event of a failure in a power connection, a new powerconnection pathway may be established to the CPU packages 204 andsensors 214.

Stored in RAM 206 is an automation module 220. The automation module 220may be configured to process sensor data from the sensors 212 todetermine one or more operational commands for an autonomous vehicle 100to affect the movement, direction, or other function of the autonomousvehicle 100, thereby facilitating autonomous driving or operation of thevehicle. Such operational commands may include a change in the speed ofthe autonomous vehicle 100, a change in steering direction, a change ingear, or other command as can be appreciated. For example, theautomation module 220 may provide sensor data and/or processed sensordata as one or more inputs to a trained machine learning model (e.g., atrained neural network) to determine the one or more operationalcommands. The operational commands may then be communicated toautonomous vehicle control systems 223 via a vehicle interface 222. Theautonomous vehicle control systems 223 are configured to affect themovement and operation of the autonomous vehicle 100. For example, theautonomous vehicle control systems 223 may turn or otherwise change thedirection of the autonomous vehicle 100, accelerate or decelerate theautonomous vehicle 100, change a gear of the autonomous vehicle 100, orotherwise affect the movement and operation of the autonomous vehicle100.

Further stored in RAM 206 is a data collection module 224 configured toprocess and/or store sensor data received from the one or more sensors212. For example, the data collection module 224 may store the sensordata as captured by the one or more sensors 212, or processed sensordata 212 (e.g., sensor data 212 having object recognition, compression,depth filtering, or other processes applied). Such processing may beperformed by the data collection module 224 in real-time or insubstantially real-time as the sensor data is captured by the one ormore sensors 212. The processed sensor data may then be used by otherfunctions or modules. For example, the automation module 220 may useprocessed sensor data as input to determine one or more operationalcommands. The data collection module 224 may store the sensor data indata storage 218.

Also stored in RAM 206 is a data processing module 226. The dataprocessing module 226 is configured to perform one or more processes onstored sensor data (e.g., stored in data storage 218 by the datacollection module 218) prior to upload to a server 227. Such operationscan include filtering, compression, encoding, decoding, or otheroperations as can be appreciated. The data processing module 226 maythen communicate the processed and stored sensor data to the server 227.Readers will appreciate that although the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2relates to an embodiment where the data processing module 226communicates the processed and stored sensor data to the server 227, inother embodiments, the data processing module 226 may communicate withother types of environments such a cloud computing environment, datawarehouse, or any other endpoint that may receive data from theautonomous vehicle 100.

Further stored in RAM 206 is a hypervisor 228. The hypervisor 228 isconfigured to manage the configuration and execution of one or morevirtual machines 229. For example, each virtual machine 229 may emulateand/or simulate the operation of a computer. Accordingly, each virtualmachine 229 may comprise a guest operating system 216 for the simulatedcomputer. The hypervisor 228 may manage the creation of a virtualmachine 229 including installation of the guest operating system 216.The hypervisor 228 may also manage when execution of a virtual machine229 begins, is suspended, is resumed, or is terminated. The hypervisor228 may also control access to computational resources (e.g., processingresources, memory resources, device resources) by each of the virtualmachines.

Each of the virtual machines 229 may be configured to execute one ormore of the automation module 220, the data collection module 224, thedata processing module 226, or combinations thereof. Moreover, as is setforth above, each of the virtual machines 229 may comprise its own guestoperating system 216. Guest operating systems 216 useful in autonomousvehicles in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosureinclude UNIX™, Linux™, Microsoft Windows™, AIX™, IBM's iOS™, and othersas will occur to those of skill in the art. For example, the autonomousvehicle 100 may be configured to execute a first operating system whenthe autonomous vehicle is in an autonomous (or even partiallyautonomous) driving mode and the autonomous vehicle 100 may beconfigured to execute a second operating system when the autonomousvehicle is not in an autonomous (or even partially autonomous) drivingmode. In such an example, the first operating system may be formallyverified, secure, and operate in real-time such that data collected fromthe sensors 212 are processed within a predetermined period of time, andautonomous driving operations are performed within a predeterminedperiod of time, such that data is processed and acted upon essentiallyin real-time. Continuing with this example, the second operating systemmay not be formally verified, may be less secure, and may not operate inreal-time as the tasks that are carried out (which are described ingreater detail below) by the second operating system are not astime-sensitive the tasks (e.g., carrying out self-driving operations)performed by the first operating system.

Readers will appreciate that although the example included in thepreceding paragraph relates to an embodiment where the autonomousvehicle 100 may be configured to execute a first operating system whenthe autonomous vehicle is in an autonomous (or even partiallyautonomous) driving mode and the autonomous vehicle 100 may beconfigured to execute a second operating system when the autonomousvehicle is not in an autonomous (or even partially autonomous) drivingmode, other embodiments are within the scope of the present disclosure.For example, in another embodiment one CPU (or other appropriate entitysuch as a chip, CPU core, and so on) may be executing the firstoperating system and a second CPU (or other appropriate entity) may beexecuting the second operating system, where switching between these twomodalities is accomplished through fabric switching, as described ingreater detail below. Likewise, in some embodiments, processingresources such as a CPU may be partitioned where a first partitionsupports the execution of the first operating system and a secondpartition supports the execution of the second operating system.

The guest operating systems 216 may correspond to a particular operatingsystem modality. An operating system modality is a set of parameters orconstraints which a given operating system satisfies, and are notsatisfied by operating systems of another modality. For example, a givenoperating system may be considered a “real-time operating system” inthat one or more processes executed by the operating system must beperformed according to one or more time constraints. For example, as theautomation module 220 must make determinations as to operationalcommands to facilitate autonomous operation of a vehicle. Accordingly,the automation module 220 must make such determinations within one ormore time constraints in order for autonomous operation to be performedin real time. The automation module 220 may then be executed in anoperating system (e.g., a guest operating system 216 of a virtualmachine 229) corresponding to a “real-time operating system” modality.Conversely, the data processing module 226 may be able to perform itsprocessing of sensor data independent of any time constrains, and maythen be executed in an operating system (e.g., a guest operating system216 of a virtual machine 229) corresponding to a “non-real-timeoperating system” modality.

As another example, an operating system (e.g., a guest operating system216 of a virtual machine 229) may comprise a formally verified operatingsystem. A formally verified operating system is an operating system forwhich the correctness of each function and operation has been verifiedwith respect to a formal specification according to formal proofs. Aformally verified operating system and an unverified operating system(e.g., one that has not been formally verified according to theseproofs) can be said to operate in different modalities.

The automation module 220, data collection module 224, data collectionmodule 224, data processing module 226, hypervisor 228, and virtualmachine 229 in the example of FIG. 2 are shown in RAM 206, but manycomponents of such software typically are stored in non-volatile memoryalso, such as, for example, on data storage 218, such as flash storage.Moreover, any of the automation module 220, data collection module 224,and data processing module 226 may be executed in a virtual machine 229and facilitated by a guest operating system 216 of that virtual machine229.

The exemplary automation computing system 116 of FIG. 2 includes acommunications adapter 238 for data communications with other computersand for data communications with a data communications network. Suchdata communications may be carried out through data communicationsnetworks such as IP data communications networks, and in other ways aswill occur to those of skill in the art. Communications adaptersimplement the hardware level of data communications through which onecomputer sends data communications to another computer, directly orthrough a data communications network. Examples of communicationsadapters useful in autonomous vehicle according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure include 802.11 adapters for wireless datacommunications, mobile adapters (e.g., 4G communications adapters, LTEcommunications adapters, 5G communications adapters) for mobile datacommunications, and others. For example, the automation computing system116 may communicate with one or more remotely disposed servers 227, orother communications endpoint as described above, via the communicationsadapter 238.

The exemplary automation computing system of FIG. 2 also includes one ormore Artificial Intelligence (AI) accelerators 240. The AI accelerator240 provides hardware-based assistance and acceleration of AI-relatedfunctions, including machine learning, computer vision, etc.Accordingly, performance of any of the automation module 220, datacollection module 224, data processing module 226, or other operationsof the automation computing system 116 may be performed at least in partby the AI accelerators 240.

The exemplary automation computing system of FIG. 2 also includes one ormore graphics processing units (GPUs) 242. The GPUs 242 are configuredto provide additional processing and memory resources for processingimage and/or video data, including encoding, decoding, etc. Accordingly,performance of any of the automation module 220, data collection module224, data processing module 226, or other operations of the automationcomputing system 116 may be performed at least in part by the GPUs 242.

FIG. 3 shows an example redundant power fabric for an autonomous vehiclehaving a redundant processor fabric. The redundant power fabric providesredundant pathways for power transfer between the power supplies 215,the sensors 212, the CPU packages 204, and may also be used for powertransfer to other components not explicitly depicted in FIG. 3. In thisexample, the power supplies 215 are coupled to the sensors 212 and CPUpackages via two switched fabrics 214 a and 214 b, although additionalredundant resources may be incorporated in accordance with otherembodiments of the present disclosure. The topology shown in FIG. 3provides redundant pathways between the power supplies 215, the sensors212, and the CPU packages 204 such that power can be rerouted throughany of multiple pathways in the event of a failure in an activeconnection pathway. The switched fabrics 214 a and 214 b may providepower to the sensors 212 using various connections, including MobileIndustry Processor Interface (MIPI), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C),Universal Serial Bus (USB), or another connection. The switched fabrics214 a and 214 b may also provide power to the CPU packages 204 usingvarious connections, including Peripheral Component Interconnect Express(PCIe), USB, or other connections. Although only two switched fabrics214 a and 214 b are shown connecting the power supplies 215 to thesensors 212 and CPU packages 204, it is understood that the approachshown by FIG. 3 can be modified to include additional switched fabrics214.

FIG. 4 is an example redundant data fabric for an autonomous vehiclehaving a redundant processor fabric. The redundant data fabric providesredundant data connection pathways between sensors 212 and CPU packages204, and may also provide redundant data connection pathways betweenother components not explicitly depicted in FIG. 4. In this exampleview, three CPU packages 204 a, 204 b, and 204 c are connected to threesensors 212 a, 212 b, and 212 c via three switched fabrics 213 a, 213 b,and 213 c. Each CPU package 204 a, 204 b, and 204 c is connected to asubset of the switched fabrics 213 a, 213 b, and 213 c. For example, CPUpackage 204 a is connected to switched fabrics 213 a and 213 c, CPUpackage 204 b is connected to switched fabrics 213 a and 213 b, and CPUpackage 204 c is connected to switched fabrics 213 b and 213 c. Eachswitched fabric 213 a, 213 b, and 213 c is connected to a subset of thesensors 212 a, 212 b, and 212 c. For example, switched fabric 213 a isconnected to sensors 212 a and 212 b, switched fabric 213 b is connectedto sensor 212 b and 212 c, and switched fabric 213 c is connected tosensors 212 a and 212 c. Under this topology, each CPU package 204 a,204 b, and 204 c has an available connection path to any sensor 212 a,212 b, and 212 c. It is understood that the topology of FIG. 4 isexemplary, and that CPU packages, switched fabrics, sensors, orconnections between components may be added or removed while maintainingredundancy as can be appreciated by one skilled in the art.

FIG. 5 is an example view of process allocation across CPU packages fora redundant processing fabric in an autonomous vehicle. Shown are threeCPU packages 204 a, 204 b, and 204 c. Each CPU package 204 a includes aprocessing unit that has been allocated (e.g., by a hypervisor 228 orother process or service) primary execution of a process and anotherprocessing unit that has been allocated secondary execution of aprocess. As set forth herein, primary execution of a process describesan executing instance of a process whose output will be provided toanother process or service. Secondary execution of the process describesexecuting an instance of the process in parallel to the primaryexecution, but the output may not be output to the other process orservice. For example, in CPU package 204 a, processing unit 502 a hasbeen allocated secondary execution of “process B,” denoted as secondaryprocess B 504 b, while processing unit 502 b has been allocated primaryexecution of “process C,” denoted as primary process C 506 a.

CPU package 204 a also comprises two redundant processing units that arenot actively executing a process A, B, or C, but are instead reserved incase of failure of an active processing unit. Redundant processing unit508 a has been reserved as “AB redundant,” indicating that reservedprocessing unit 508 a may be allocated primary or secondary execution ofprocesses A or B in the event of a failure of a processing unitallocated the primary or secondary execution of these processes.Redundant processing unit 508 b has been reserved as “A/C redundant,”indicating that reserved processing unit 508 b may be allocated primaryor secondary execution of processes A or C in the event of a failure ofa processing unit allocated the primary or secondary execution of theseprocesses.

CPU package 204 b includes processing unit 502 c, which has beenallocated primary execution of “process A,” denoted as primary process A510 a, and processing unit 502 d, which has been allocated secondaryexecution of “process C,” denoted as secondary process C 506 a. CPUpackage 204 b also includes redundant processing unit 508 c, reserved as“AB redundant,” and redundant processing unit 508 d, reserved as “B/Credundant.” CPU package 204 c includes processing unit 502 e, which hasbeen allocated primary execution of “process B,” denoted as primaryprocess B 504 a, and processing unit 502 f, which has been allocatedsecondary execution of “process A,” denoted as secondary process A 510a. CPU package 204 c also includes redundant processing unit 508 e,reserved as “B/C redundant,” and redundant processing unit 508 f,reserved as “A/C redundant.”

As set forth in the example view of FIG. 5, primary and secondaryinstances of processes A, B, and C are each executed in an allocatedprocessing unit. Thus, if a processing unit performing primary executionof a given process fails, the processing unit performing secondaryexecution may instead provide output of the given process to a receivingprocess or service. Moreover, the primary and secondary execution of agiven process are executed on different CPU packages. Thus, if an entireprocessing unit fails, execution of each of the processes can continueusing one or more processing units handling secondary execution. Theredundant processing units 508 a-f allow for allocation of primary orsecondary execution of a process in the event of processing unitfailure. This further prevents errors caused by processing unit failureas parallel primary and secondary execution of a process may berestored. One skilled in the art would understand that the number of CPUpackages, processing units, redundant processing units, and processesmay be modified according to performance requirements while maintainingredundancy.

FIG. 6 is an example view of a redundant communications pathway for aredundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehicle. Shown in this exampleare CPU packages 204 a and 204 b, which include processing units 602 aand 602 b, respectively. Processing unit 602 a has been allocatedexecution of process 604 a (e.g., by a hypervisor 228, or anotherprocess or service), and processing unit 602 a has been allocatedexecution of process 604 b. It is understood that the inclusion ofprocessing units 602 a and 602 b is merely exemplary, and that CPUpackages 204 a and 204 b may also include additional processing units,each of which may be allocated execution of additional processes. CPUpackages 204 a and 204 b also each include redundant processing units606 a and 606 b, respectively, which are processing units not yetallocated execution of a particular process.

CPU packages 204 a and 204 b are coupled to a switched fabric 213. Theswitched fabric 213 is also coupled to sensors 212 a, 212 b, and one ormore redundant sensors 212 c. A redundant sensor 212 c is a sensor 212whose output is not actively being processed (e.g., stored, encoded, orotherwise processed) by a process executed on a CPU package. Forexample, a redundant sensor 212 c may be uninitialized, initialized butinactive, or otherwise redundant. The sensors 212 a and 212 b, andredundant sensors 212 c are each associated with a same sensing space608. A sensing space 608 is a shared targeted area or attribute forcapture by a sensor 212. For example, a sensing space 608 for sensors212 may comprise a same targeted area, a same or similar focal line, asame or similar field of view, or other similar area (e.g., installed onthe same side of an autonomous vehicle 100). As another example, aplurality of accelerometer sensors 212 would share the sensing space 608of the acceleration of a particular body (e.g., an autonomous vehicle100).

Processes 604 a and 604 b may comprise separately executed instances ofa same process for processing sensor data associated with the samesensing space 608. For example, process 604 a may be configured toprocess sensor data from sensor 212 a, while process 604 b may beconfigured to process sensor data from sensor 212 b. Accordingly, theswitched fabric 213 may comprise a first communications pathway betweenthe sensor 212 a and the processing unit 602 a and a secondcommunications pathway between the CPU sensor 212 b and the processingunit 602 b.

In this example, output from processing unit 602 a (e.g., from process604 a) may be sent to a receiving process (e.g., a process of anautomation module 220, a process of a data collection module 224, oranother process or service). Output from processing unit 602 b (e.g.,from process 604 b) may be sent to the receiving process, but notactively acted upon by the receiving process. For example, the receivingprocess may ignore or drop output from processing unit 602 b. Thus,processing units 602 a and 602 b process sensor data in parallel, butthe receiving process only acts upon (e.g., processes) the output fromthe process 604 a. In other words, process 604 a may comprise a primaryexecution of a given process, while process 604 b comprises a secondaryexecution of the given process.

In this example, a fault associated with the sensor 212 a may bedetected. Detecting a fault associated with the sensor may comprisedetermining (e.g., by the processing unit 602 a, by the primary process604 a, or by another process or service) that the sensor data from thesensor 212 a is non-qualifiable. Sensor data may be determined to benon-qualifiable when one or more functions to be applied to the sensordata are unable to be completed. For example, an object recognition,depth filtering, text recognition, or other function may be applied(e.g., by the processing unit 602 a, by the primary process 604 b) tothe sensor data. Such a function may be considered incomplete, andtherefore the sensor data non-qualifiable, when no data may be generatedfrom the sensor data (e.g., no identified objects, no identified text).The sensor data may also be considered non-qualifiable when an exceptionor fault occurs when attempting to apply the given function. The sensordata may further be considered non-qualifiable when one or more dataintegrity functions (e.g., hash functions, cyclical redundancy checks)fail when applied to the sensor data.

Detecting the fault associated with the sensor 212 a may also comprisecomparing sensor data from the sensor 212 a with sensor data from atleast one other sensor (e.g., the sensor 212 b and/or one or moreredundant sensors 212 c). Where sensor data from the sensor 212 a iscompared to sensor data from a redundant sensor 212 c, the redundantsensor 212 c may be awoken from an inactive state, or initialized andaccessed for a period of time to determine that the fault associatedwith the sensor 212 a. For example, on startup of an autonomous vehicle100, while the autonomous vehicle 100 is stationary, or in response to auser command, a function may be initialized to compare sensor data fromsensors in a same sensing space to determine if a fault is present inone of the sensors.

Detecting the fault associated with the sensor 212 a may comprisedetermining that the sensor 212 a is obstructed by identifying an objector other visual artifact in sensor data (e.g., image data or video data)from the sensor 212 a that is not present in sensor data from the othersensors. For example, detecting the fault associated with the sensor 212a may comprise identifying a color differential between sensor data(e.g., image data or video data) from the sensor 212 a and sensor datafrom the other sensors. For example, sensor data from the sensor 212 amay experience a yellow tinting or other color variation due todegradation of a lens or other camera component. As another example,sensor data from the sensor 212 a may experience a color variation insensor data due to a semi-transparent or opaque substance or materialpresent on the sensor 212.

Detecting the fault associated with the sensor 212 a may also includedetermining a loss of a signal from the sensor 212 a. For example, theprocessing unit 602 a may determine the fault associated with the sensorwhen sensor data from the sensor 212 a is no longer received. As anotherexample, a dedicated circuit of the switching fabrics 213 may monitorchannels of active communications pathways and determine that no signal,or a weak signal, is being communicated via the communications pathwayfrom the sensor 212 a. Detecting the fault associated with the sensor212 a may also include determining that the sensor 212 a fails torespond to a query, request, or message.

In response to detecting the fault associated with the sensor 212 a, acommunications path can be established, via the switched fabric 213,between the processing unit 602 a and another sensor. Establishing thecommunications path between the processing unit 602 a and the othersensor may comprise sending one or more signals (e.g., by the processingunit 602 a, by a circuit or process monitoring communications paths ofthe switched fabric 213, by a hypervisor 228 or by another entity) toone or more switching components of the switched fabric 213 to establishthe communications path. Establishing the communications path betweenthe processing unit 602 a and the other sensor may comprise sending oneor more signals (e.g., by the processing unit 602 a, by a circuit orprocess monitoring communications paths of the switched fabric 213, by ahypervisor 228 or by another entity) to one or more switching componentsof the switched fabric 213 to break, remove, or otherwise circumvent thecommunications path between the failed sensor 212 a and the processingunit 602 a.

The other sensor with which the communications path to the processingunit 602 a is established may comprise a redundant sensor 212 c, thereby“activating” the redundant sensor 212 c. Accordingly, establishing thecommunications path may also comprise waking or activating the redundantsensor 212. In this example, the switched fabric 213 provides, beforethe fault is detected, a first communications path between the sensor212 a and the processing unit 602 a, and a second communications pathbetween the sensor 212 b and the processing unit 604 b. After the faultis detected and the communications path established, the switched fabric213 provides the second communications path and a third communicationspath between a redundant sensor 212 c and the processing unit 602 a.

The other sensor with which the communications path to the processingunit 602 a is established may comprise the sensor 212 b (e.g., a sensor212 already providing sensor data to another processing unit). Forexample, there may be no redundant sensors 212 c available, or theredundant sensors 212 c may themselves be faulty. Accordingly,establishing the communications path may also comprise duplicating, viathe switched fabric 213, the sensor data from the second sensor 212 bfor communication to the processing unit 602 a. Thus, processing units602 a and 602 b (facilitated by processes 604 a and 604 b) may thenprocess sensor data from the sensor 212 b. This ensures that parallelprocessing of sensor data associated with the sensing space 608 ismaintained, providing redundancy in the event of processing unitfailure.

Communications paths may be established with additional redundantsensors 212 c in the event that faults with other active sensors (e.g.,the sensor 212 b or activated redundant sensors 212 c) so long as atleast one redundant sensor 212 c is available for activation. Once noredundant sensors 212 c are available, sensor data from an active sensormay then be duplicated and communicated to the appropriate processingunit.

For further explanation, FIG. 7 sets forth a flow chart illustrating anexemplary method for a redundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehiclethat includes receiving 702, by a processing unit (e.g., a processingunit 602 a), sensor data from a first sensor 212 (e.g., a sensor 212 a).The processing unit may comprise one of a plurality of processing units.For example, the processing unit may be included in a plurality ofprocessing units of a CPU package 204. Moreover, the CPU package 204 maybe one of a plurality of CPU packages 204. The first sensor 212 maycomprise one of a plurality of sensors 212. The plurality of sensors 212may comprise one or more redundant sensors 212 c.

The plurality of sensors 212 may be associated with a same sensing space608. For example, the plurality of sensors 212 may be installed on asame side of an autonomous vehicle 100 (e.g., front side, left side,right side, back side) and configured to capture sensor data (e.g.,images or video) from the perspective of the given side. As anotherexample, the plurality of sensors 212 may be configured to detect a sameattribute associate with the operation of the autonomous vehicle 100(e.g., speed, acceleration, GPS location). The plurality of sensors 212and the plurality of processing units may be coupled via one or moreswitched fabrics 213.

The method of FIG. 7 further comprises detecting 704 a fault associatedwith the first sensor 212. Detecting a fault associated with the firstsensor 212 may comprise determining (e.g., by the processing unit, by aprocesses allocated for execution by the processing unit, or by anotherprocess or service) that the sensor data from the first sensor 212 isnon-qualifiable. Sensor data may be determined to be non-qualifiablewhen one or more functions to be applied to the sensor data are unableto be completed. For example, an object recognition, depth filtering,text recognition, or other function may be applied (e.g., by theprocessing unit) to the sensor data. Such a function may be consideredincomplete, and therefore the sensor data non-qualifiable, when no datamay be generated from the sensor data (e.g., no identified objects, noidentified text). The sensor data may also be considered non-qualifiablewhen an exception or fault occurs when attempting to apply the givenfunction. The sensor data may further be considered non-qualifiable whenone or more data integrity functions (e.g., hash functions, cyclicalredundancy checks) fail when applied to the sensor data.

Detecting the fault associated with the first sensor 212 may alsoinclude determining a loss of a signal from the first sensor. Forexample, the processing unit 602 a may determine the fault associatedwith the first sensor 212 when sensor data from the first sensor 212 isno longer received. As another example, a dedicated circuit of theswitching fabrics 213 may monitor channels of active communicationspathways and determine that no signal, or a weak signal, is beingcommunicated via the communications pathway from the first sensor 212.Detecting the fault associated with the first sensor 212 may alsoinclude determining that the first sensor 212 fails to respond to aquery, request, or message.

The method of FIG. 7 further comprises establishing 706, via a switchedfabric 213, a communications path between the processing unit and asecond sensor 212. Establishing the communications path between theprocessing unit and the second sensor 212 may comprise sending one ormore signals (e.g., by the processing unit, by a circuit or processmonitoring communications paths of the switched fabric 213, by ahypervisor 228 or by another entity) to one or more switching componentsof the switched fabric 213 to establish the communications path.Establishing the communications path between the processing unit and thesecond sensor 212 may comprise sending one or more signals (e.g., by theprocessing unit, by a circuit or process monitoring communications pathsof the switched fabric 213, by a hypervisor 228 or by another entity) toone or more switching components of the switched fabric 213 to break,remove, or otherwise circumvent the communications path between thefailed first sensor 212 and the processing unit.

The other sensor with which the communications path to the processingunit is established may comprise a redundant sensor 212 c, thereby“activating” the redundant sensor 212 c. Accordingly, establishing thecommunications path may also comprise waking or activating the redundantsensor 212. The method of FIG. 7 further comprises receiving 708, by theprocessing unit, sensor data from the second sensor 212 instead of thefirst sensor 212.

For further explanation, FIG. 8 sets forth a flow chart illustrating anexemplary method for a redundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehiclethat includes receiving 702, by a processing unit, sensor data from afirst sensor 212; detecting 704 a fault associated with the first sensor212; establishing 706, via a switched fabric 213, a communications pathbetween the processing unit and a second sensor 212, and receiving 708,by the processing unit, sensor data from the second sensor 212 insteadof the first sensor 212.

FIG. 8 differs from FIG. 7 in that detecting 704 the fault associatedwith the first sensor 212 comprises comparing 802 sensor data from thefirst sensor 212 and sensor data from at least one other sensor 212. Forexample, sensor data from the first sensor 212 may be compared to sensordata from an active second sensor 212 providing sensor data to anotherprocessing unit. Sensor data from the first sensor 212 may also becompared to sensor data from a redundant sensor 212 c. Where sensor datafrom the first sensor 212 is compared to sensor data from a redundantsensor 212 c, the redundant sensor 212 c may be awoken from an inactivestate, or initialized and accessed for a period of time to determinethat the fault associated with the sensor 212 a. For example, on startupof an autonomous vehicle 100, while the autonomous vehicle 100 isstationary, or in response to a user command, a function may beinitialized to compare sensor data from sensors in a same sensing spaceto determine if a fault is present in one of the sensors.

Comparing sensor data from the first sensor 212 and sensor data from atleast one other sensor 212 may comprise determining that the firstsensor 212 is obstructed by identifying an object or other visualartifact in sensor data (e.g., image data or video data) from the firstsensor 212 that is not present in sensor data from the other sensors.Comparing sensor data from the first sensor 212 and sensor data from atleast one other sensor 212 may comprise identifying a color differentialbetween sensor data (e.g., image data or video data) from the firstsensor 212 and sensor data from the other sensors. For example, sensordata from the first sensor 212 may experience a yellow tinting or othercolor variation due to degradation of a lens or other camera component.As another example, sensor data from the first sensor 212 may experiencea color variation in sensor data due to a semi-transparent or opaquesubstance or material present on the sensor 212.

For further explanation, FIG. 9 sets forth a flow chart illustrating anexemplary method for a redundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehiclethat includes receiving 702, by a processing unit, sensor data from afirst sensor 212; detecting 704 a fault associated with the first sensor212; establishing 706, via a switched fabric 213, a communications pathbetween the processing unit and a second sensor 212, and receiving 708,by the processing unit, sensor data from the second sensor 212 insteadof the first sensor 212.

FIG. 9 differs from FIG. 8 in that establishing 706, via the switchedfabric 213, a communications path between the processing unit and asecond sensor 212 comprises providing 902 sensor data from the secondsensor 212 to the processing unit and another processing unit. Forexample, the other processing unit may comprise a processing unitconfigured to process, prior to detecting the fault in the first sensor212, sensor data from the second sensor 212 (e.g., in parallel to theprocessing unit processing the sensor data from the first sensor 212).For example, there may be no redundant sensors 212 c available forcoupling to the processing unit in place of the first sensor 212, or theredundant sensors 212 c may themselves be faulty. Accordingly,establishing the communications path may also comprise duplicating, viathe switched fabric 213, the sensor data from the second sensor 212 bfor communication to the processing unit and the other processing unit.This ensures that parallel processing of sensor data associated with thesensing space 608 is maintained, providing redundancy in the event ofprocessing unit failure.

In view of the explanations set forth above, readers will recognize thatthe benefits of a redundant sensor fabric in an autonomous vehicleaccording to embodiments of the present invention include:

The ability to recover from sensor failure in an automated vehicle insubstantially real- time, thereby maintaining performance of theautomated vehicle.

The ability to preserve parallel sensor data processing within a givensensing space, allowing for both redundancy and reliability in the eventof sensor failure or processor failure.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described largely inthe context of a fully functional computer system for a redundant sensorfabric in an autonomous vehicle. Readers of skill in the art willrecognize, however, that the present invention also may be embodied in acomputer program product disposed upon computer readable storage mediafor use with any suitable data processing system. Such computer readablestorage media may be any storage medium for machine-readableinformation, including magnetic media, optical media, or other suitablemedia. Examples of such media include magnetic disks in hard drives ordiskettes, compact disks for optical drives, magnetic tape, and othersas will occur to those of skill in the art. Persons skilled in the artwill immediately recognize that any computer system having suitableprogramming means will be capable of executing the steps of the methodof the invention as embodied in a computer program product. Personsskilled in the art will recognize also that, although some of theexemplary embodiments described in this specification are oriented tosoftware installed and executing on computer hardware, nevertheless,alternative embodiments implemented as firmware or as hardware are wellwithin the scope of the present invention.

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product. The computer program product may include a computerreadable storage medium (or media) having computer readable programinstructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of thepresent invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

It will be understood that any of the functionality or approaches setforth herein may be facilitated at least in part by artificialintelligence applications, including machine learning applications, bigdata analytics applications, deep learning, and other techniques.Applications of such techniques may include: machine and vehicularobject detection, identification and avoidance; visual recognition,classification and tagging; algorithmic financial trading strategyperformance management; simultaneous localization and mapping;predictive maintenance of high-value machinery; prevention against cybersecurity threats, expertise automation; image recognition andclassification; question answering; robotics; text analytics(extraction, classification) and text generation and translation; andmany others.

It will be understood from the foregoing description that modificationsand changes may be made in various embodiments of the present inventionwithout departing from its true spirit. The descriptions in thisspecification are for purposes of illustration only and are not to beconstrued in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention islimited only by the language of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for dynamic communications paths forsensors in an autonomous vehicle, comprising: detecting a faultassociated with a first sensor of a plurality of sensors associated witha same sensing space of the autonomous vehicle; severing, in response todetecting the fault, a first communications path in a switched fabricbetween a processing unit and the first sensor; and establishing, viathe switched fabric, in response to detecting the fault, a secondcommunications path between the processing unit and a second sensor ofthe plurality of sensors.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detectingthe fault associated with the first sensor comprises determining, basedon sensor data received from the first sensor, that the first sensor isfaulty.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the fault associatedwith the first sensor comprises detecting a loss of signal from thefirst sensor.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the faultassociated with the first sensor comprises determining that the firstsignal fails to respond to a message.
 5. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: receiving, before severing the first communications path,via the first communications path, first sensor data from the firstsensor; and receiving, after establishing the second communicationspath, via the second communications path, second sensor data from thesecond sensor.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second sensorcomprises a redundant sensor of the plurality of sensors.
 7. Anapparatus for dynamic communications paths for sensors in an autonomousvehicle, the apparatus configured to perform steps comprising: detectinga fault associated with a first sensor of a plurality of sensorsassociated with a same sensing space of the autonomous vehicle;severing, in response to detecting the fault, a first communicationspath in a switched fabric between a processing unit and the firstsensor; and establishing, via the switched fabric, in response todetecting the fault, a second communications path between the processingunit and a second sensor of the plurality of sensors.
 8. The apparatusof claim 7, wherein detecting the fault associated with the first sensorcomprises determining, based on sensor data received from the firstsensor, that the first sensor is faulty.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7,wherein detecting the fault associated with the first sensor comprisesdetecting a loss of signal from the first sensor.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 7, wherein detecting the fault associated with the first sensorcomprises determining that the first signal fails to respond to amessage.
 11. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising: receiving,before severing the first communications path, via the firstcommunications path, first sensor data from the first sensor; andreceiving, after establishing the second communications path, via thesecond communications path, second sensor data from the second sensor.12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the second sensor comprises aredundant sensor of the plurality of sensors.
 13. An autonomous vehiclefor dynamic communications paths for sensors in an autonomous vehicle,the autonomous vehicle comprising an apparatus configured to performsteps comprising: detecting a fault associated with a first sensor of aplurality of sensors associated with a same sensing space of theautonomous vehicle; severing, in response to detecting the fault, afirst communications path in a switched fabric between a processing unitand the first sensor; and establishing, via the switched fabric, inresponse to detecting the fault, a second communications path betweenthe processing unit and a second sensor of the plurality of sensors. 14.The autonomous vehicle of claim 13, wherein detecting the faultassociated with the first sensor comprises determining, based on sensordata received from the first sensor, that the first sensor is faulty.15. The autonomous vehicle of claim 13, wherein detecting the faultassociated with the first sensor comprises detecting a loss of signalfrom the first sensor.
 16. The autonomous vehicle of claim 13, whereindetecting the fault associated with the first sensor comprisesdetermining that the first signal fails to respond to a message.
 17. Theautonomous vehicle of claim 13, further comprising: receiving, beforesevering the first communications path, via the first communicationspath, first sensor data from the first sensor; and receiving, afterestablishing the second communications path, via the secondcommunications path, second sensor data from the second sensor.
 18. Theautonomous vehicle of claim 13, wherein the second sensor comprises aredundant sensor of the plurality of sensors.
 19. A computer programproduct disposed upon a non-transitory computer readable medium, thecomputer program product comprising computer program instructions fordynamic communications paths for sensors in an autonomous vehicle that,when executed, cause a computer system to carry out the steps of:detecting a fault associated with a first sensor of a plurality ofsensors associated with a same sensing space of the autonomous vehicle;severing, in response to detecting the fault, a first communicationspath in a switched fabric between a processing unit and the firstsensor; and establishing, via the switched fabric, in response todetecting the fault, a second communications path between the processingunit and a second sensor of the plurality of sensors.
 20. The computerprogram product of claim 19, wherein detecting the fault associated withthe first sensor comprises determining, based on sensor data receivedfrom the first sensor, that the first sensor is faulty.